Which characteristic often leads to job specialization in a civilization?

Job specialization in a civilization is commonly driven by the ability to produce surplus resources. When a society can generate more goods than it immediately needs for survival, it creates opportunities for individuals to focus on specific tasks and roles within the community. This surplus allows some members to dedicate themselves to tasks beyond basic survival, leading them to specialize in certain trades, crafts, or services.

As a result of surplus production, individuals can engage in various professions, such as artisans, merchants, or scholars, while others concentrate on agricultural production. This specialization not only increases efficiency but also fosters advancements in technology and culture, as people can innovate and refine their skills in specific areas, which is critical for the growth and complexity of a civilization.

The other options do not effectively promote job specialization. A self-sustaining economy typically implies that individuals meet their own needs with minimal trade, limiting the specialization that can arise from surplus. A lack of technological advancement can restrict the ability to produce surplus, while nomadic lifestyles often prevent the development of specialized roles, as societies that move frequently may not have the stability or resources to support distinct job functions.