What is a defining characteristic of a civilization?

A defining characteristic of a civilization is its complex social structure, which typically includes cities, a central authority or government, specialized jobs, and distinct social classes. This organization allows for the management of larger populations and the development of advanced cultural and technological achievements.

Civilizations often emerge in fertile areas conducive to agriculture, enabling people to establish permanent settlements. From this stability, urban centers grow, leading to increased trade, governance, and cultural development. The presence of a centralized government coordinates the activities of its citizens, manages resources, and establishes laws that contribute to societal order and cohesion. Job specialization allows individuals to focus on specific trades or roles, fostering economic growth and innovation.

Other options highlight aspects like agriculture or nomadic lifestyles, which do not encompass the key features that characterize a civilization. While agriculture is vital to many civilizations, it alone does not constitute one, as societies can be agricultural without having the complexity of a civilization. Similarly, nomadic groups lack the established structure and permanence typical of civilizations, and having a limited economic structure indicates a more primitive societal organization rather than one that has achieved the sophistication found in civilizations.